Origin, Use, and Health Risks of Common Chemical Hair Relaxer Ingredients
This document provides a comprehensive overview of eight common cosmetic ingredients: sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, formaldehyde, glycolic acid, guanidine, parabens, phthalates, and silicone. For each ingredient, we explore its origin, intended use, current applications, and potential health risks associated with its use in chemical hair relaxers.

by Team Wild

Sodium Hydroxide: Origins, Applications, Potential Risks
Sodium hydroxide, commonly known as lye, is a strong alkali produced by reacting sodium metal with water. It is widely used in various industrial processes, including soapmaking, paper production, and textile manufacturing. In cosmetics, sodium hydroxide acts as a pH adjuster, emulsifier, and thickening agent. It is often found in soaps, detergents, and hair relaxers. While sodium hydroxide is considered safe when used in low concentrations and under proper conditions, prolonged or excessive exposure can cause skin and eye irritation, burns, and other health issues.
Calcium Hydroxide: Historical Use, Current Cosmetic Functions, Safety Concerns
Calcium hydroxide, also known as slaked lime, is a white, powdery compound obtained from limestone. Historically, it was used for various purposes, including construction and agriculture. In cosmetics, calcium hydroxide is often incorporated as a pH adjuster, a thickener, and an absorbent. It is present in some skin care products, toothpastes, and hair removal creams. While generally considered safe in low concentrations, excessive or prolonged contact with calcium hydroxide can irritate the skin, eyes, and respiratory system.
Formaldehyde: Source, Preservation Purposes, Potential Health Hazards
Formaldehyde is a colorless, pungent gas produced naturally by various organisms and industrial processes. It is a known human carcinogen and has been linked to respiratory problems, eye and skin irritation, and allergic reactions. In cosmetics, formaldehyde is primarily used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of products. It is often found in nail polish, hair products, and makeup. The use of formaldehyde in cosmetics is subject to strict regulations due to its potential health risks. Consumers should be aware of the presence of formaldehyde and its derivatives in their cosmetic products and take appropriate precautions.
Glycolic Acid: Derivation, Exfoliant Properties, Considerations for Use
Glycolic acid, a natural alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA), is derived from sugarcane. It is widely used in skincare products due to its excellent exfoliating properties. Glycolic acid helps remove dead skin cells, improve skin texture, and reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines. However, glycolic acid can increase the skin's sensitivity to sunlight, so it is important to use sunscreen when applying glycolic acid-containing products. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin should start with low concentrations and gradually increase them to avoid irritation.
Guanidine: Production, Hair Straightening, Exposure Implications
Guanidine, an organic compound, is produced synthetically and used in a variety of applications. In the cosmetics industry, guanidine is primarily used in hair relaxers and straighteners. It works by breaking down the bonds within the hair shaft, allowing for the hair to be straightened. While guanidine is generally considered safe when used in low concentrations, prolonged exposure or misuse can cause skin and eye irritation, scalp burns, and hair damage. It is important to use guanidine-based products according to the manufacturer's instructions and to avoid contact with the eyes.
Parabens: Preservative Background, Cosmetic Inclusion, Controversy
Parabens are a group of chemical compounds widely used as preservatives in cosmetics and personal care products. They are effective in preventing bacterial and fungal growth, extending the shelf life of products. However, parabens have been the subject of controversy due to their potential endocrine-disrupting effects. Studies have linked parabens to hormonal imbalances and potential health risks. While further research is needed to fully understand the long-term implications of paraben exposure, consumers are increasingly opting for paraben-free products. The use of parabens in cosmetics is regulated in some countries.
Phthalates and Silicone: Plasticizers and Silicones, Widespread Use, Ongoing Debates
Phthalates are a group of chemicals commonly used as plasticizers to soften and increase the flexibility of plastics. They are also used in cosmetics, particularly in fragrances and nail polish, as well as in hair care products. Silicone is a synthetic polymer that is widely used in cosmetics and personal care products, including shampoos, conditioners, and skin care products. It is known for its smoothing, softening, and water-repellent properties. However, concerns regarding the safety of phthalates and silicones have been raised, particularly regarding their potential endocrine-disrupting effects and environmental impact. The use of these chemicals in cosmetics remains a topic of ongoing debate.